—A— Air dried lumber Lumber that is usually dried outdoors, to an equilibrium moisture content with the air it was exposed to. Alternating Top Bevel with raker (ATB/R) A design for circular saw blade where four alternately beveled teeth are followed by a raker tooth to remove debris from the cut. Annual growth rings The…

WINDOWS  AND  EXTERIOR  DOORS Windows and doors are an important part of a structure. The carpenter should; 1. Have a basic understanding  of the various types, size, and standards of construction. 2. Be able to recognise good quality in materials, fittings, weather stripping, and finish. 3. Appreciate the importance of carfeful instillation of the various…

POWER TOOLS Modern power tools greatly reduce the time required to perform many of the operations in carpentry work. Heavy sawing, planing, and boring can be accomplished with far less human energy. Moreover, when proper tools are used in a proper way, high levels of accuracy can be achieved. There are two general types of…

USING LEVELING INSTRUMENTS Before construction of a foundation or slab a carpenter must know where the building is going to be on the building lot. There are certain set backs that must be observed and must meet the local zoning and building codes.The local codes must be observed and checked for these requirements before layout…

HAND TOOLS. Hand tools are essential to every aspect of carpentry work. A great variety of tools is required because of the many functions and jobs to be accomplished with the skills of the worker. A skilled woodworker or carpenter, carefully selects the kind of tool that is needed for the job. Tools become an…

USING   ROOFING  MATERIALS Roofing materials protect the structure and its contents from the sun, rain, snow, wind and dust.In addition to weather protection, a good roof should offer some measure of fire resistance and have a high durability factor. Due to the large amount of surface that is usually visible, especially in sloping roofs, the…

Since architectural plans are drawn to a small scale, materials and construction can seldom be shown as they actually appear. Also it would require too much time to produce drawings of this nature. The architect, therefore uses symbols to represent materials and other items and certain approved short cuts ( called conventional representations). Abbreviations are…

In the construction of single family dwellings and other smaller structures, carpenters must work closely with other trades people. They also work closely with the owner and architect in carrying out the total building  plan. On some jobs the carpenter may be responsible for laying out the building lines and supervise the digging of the…

CONSTRUCTING  ROOF  FRAMING Roof framing provides a base to which the roofing materials will be attached. the frame must be strong and ridgid. Besides this, the roof, if carefully designed and proportioned, can contribute a distinctive and decorative feature to any structure. ROOF TYPES  Roof styles vary widely. Most of them can be grouped in…

CONSTRUCTING  FLOOR  FRAMING When the foundation has been laid and the concrete has set up, work can begin on the floor framing. Before starting the floor framing , most carpenters like to have the area outside the foundation backfilled to a rough grade level. this prevents having to jump over a trench and also prevent…